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1.
West Indian med. j ; 57(5): 462-469, Nov. 2008. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672400

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Given the occurrence of autochthonous malaria in non-endemic island countries in the last 10 years, this study evaluates the risk factors for malaria transmission in the malaria "endemic and "non-endemic" countries of the Caribbean region. DESIGN: Data on imported and autochthonous malaria for the 27-year period (1980-2006) were gathered from surveillance units in the 21 Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC) Member Countries (CMCs) via the CAREC epidemiology unit. Anopheles mosquito data were also gathered from various sources. The vector and malaria data were correlated to determine the current risk of malaria transmission. RESULTS: Imported cases. For the 26-year period (1980-2005), there were 897 reported cases in the CMC islands. Jamaica (38.4%) > Trinidad and Tobago (19.5%) > Bahamas (15.8%) > Cayman Islands (12.5%) were mostly affected. Only the smallest CMCs eg Anguilla and British Virgin Islands reported no imported malaria. Indigenous malaria. Over the same time period, malaria was seen mainly in the three mainland countries of Guyana (514 386 cases) > Suriname (275 361) > Belize (85 313). However, for the period 1995-2005, Belize and Guyana reported reduction in case numbers of 84% and 54% respectively. At the same time, Suriname reported a cyclical pattern of reported cases resulting in 77% increase in cases between 1995 and 2005. "Non-endemic" CMCs such as Trinidad and Tobago, and Bahamas, did report autochthonous malaria. In 2006/7, Jamaica reported 340 P falciparum cases, coming just 1-2 years after a massive 505% increase in imported malaria in the region - 88% in Jamaica. Anopheles spp: There was a rich diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes - 29 spp. in CMCs. Mainland CMCs and nearby island countries had most spp. recorded. Smaller countries with limited ecological niches such as St Kitts, Anguilla, Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) and Bermuda had little or no Anopheles spp. Two main Anopheles axes were identified - An albimanus in the northern CMCs and An aquasalis in the southern Caribbean. CONCLUSION: All the essential malaria transmission conditions - vector, imported malaria organism and susceptible human host - now exist in most CMCs. A call is now made for enhanced surveillance, vector control and anti-malaria skills to be established in CMCs, in particular in: C Recognizing the possible impact of climate change on the spread of anopheles and malaria transmission. C Improving vector control skills for anopheles in CMCs. C Strengthening malaria surveillance skills. C Upgrading malaria therapy and prophylaxis. C Emphasizing malaria prevention and education for all community and professional sectors.


OBJETIVOS: Dada la incidencia de la malaria autóctona en los países insulares no endémicos en los últimos 10 años, este estudio evalúa los factores de riesgo de la transmisión de la malaria en los países "endémicos" y "no endémicos" con respecto a esta enfermedad en la región del Caribe. DISEÑO: Se recogieron datos sobre la malaria autóctona e importada correspondiente a un período de 27 años (1980-2006). Los datos provinieron de las unidades de vigilancia epidemiológica de los 21 CMCs, es decir, los países miembros del Centro de Epidemiología del Caribe (CAREC), a través de la unidad de epidemiología de este último. También se recogieron datos sobre el mosquito anófeles, a partir de varias fuentes. Se estableció una correlación entre los datos del vector y la malaria respectivamente, a fin de determinar el riesgo actual de transmisión de la malaria. RESULTADOS: Casos importados. En un periodo de 28 años (1980-2005), se reportaron 897 casos en las islas del CMC. Jamaica (38.4%) > Trinidad y Tobago (19.5%) > Bahamas (15.8%) > Islas Caimán (12.5%) fueron los más afectados. Sólo los países miembros más pequeños del CMCs, a saber, Anguila e Islas Vírgenes Británicas (IVB) no reportaron casos de malaria importada. Malaria indígena. En el mismo periodo de tiempo, se vieron casos de malaria principalmente en los 3 países del continente: Guyana (514 386 casos) > Surinam (275 361) > Belice (85 313). Sin embargo, para el periodo de 1995-2005, Belice y Guyana reportaron reducciones en el número de casos, de 84% y 54% respectivamente. Al mismo tiempo, Surinam reportó un patrón cíclico de casos reportados con el consiguiente aumento de un 77% de casos entre 1995 y 2005. De hecho, países "no endémicos" del CMCs, como Trinidad y Tobago, y Bahamas, reportaron malaria autóctona. En 2006/7, Jamaica reportó 340 casos de P falciparum, lo que se producía justamente 1-2 años luego de un masivo aumento de 505% de casos de malaria importada en la región, y un 88% en Jamaica. Anófeles spp: Había una gran diversidad de mosquitos anófeles: 29 spp. en los países del CMCs. Los países CMCs del continente y los países insulares tuvieron los registros más altos de spp. Los países más pequeños, tales como Saint Kitts, Anguila, Islas Turcas y Caicos, con nichos ecológicos limitados, tuvieron poco o ningún anófeles spp. Se identificaron dos ejes principales de anófeles - an. albimanus en los CMCs norteños y an. aquasalis en el Caribe sureño. CONCLUSION: Todas las condiciones esenciales para la transmisión de la malaria - vector, organismos de malaria importada y huésped humano susceptible - se hallan actualmente presentes en la mayoría de los países del CMCs. Se esta haciendo un llamado a reforzar la vigilancia, aumentar el control de vectores, y desarrollar habilidades anti-malaria, en los países del CMCs, especialmente en cuanto a: C Reconocer el posible impacto del cambio climático en la propagación del anófeles y la transmisión de la malaria. C Mejorar las habilidades del CV para el anófeles en los países del CMCs. C Fortalecer las habilidades de vigilancia de la malaria. C Actualizar la terapia y la profilaxis en relación con la malaria. C Poner énfasis en la prevención de la malaria y la educación de toda la comunidad y el sector profesional.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Anopheles/parasitology , Insect Control , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Malaria , Caribbean Region/epidemiology , Malaria/epidemiology , Malaria/prevention & control , Malaria/transmission , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Time Factors
2.
West Indian med. j ; 57(2): 122-131, Mar. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672319

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe mortality trends and potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to leading causes of death in 21 Caribbean countries during 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000. METHODS: Mortality data for 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000 were analyzed to identify regional mortality trends using crude, age-specific and age-adjusted death rates and potential years of life lost. The variables used were age, gender and underlying cause of death. RESULTS: During 1985-2000, there was an overall 5% decrease in age-adjusted mortality rates and male mortality exceeded female mortality. Heart disease was the leading cause of death, with cancers, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disease also among the top five causes in most years. Prostate cancer and cancer of the uterus and breast were the leading causes of death due to cancers. HIV disease (AIDS) featured in the ten leading causes of death for the first time in 1995 and was the 5th leading cause in 2000. CONCLUSION: During the period 1985-2000, countries experienced an increase in mortality due to non-communicable diseases, AIDS and assaults (homicides); the latter two causes were most common among the 15-44 year age group. In 2000, AIDS, heart disease and assault (homicide) were the largest contributors to PYLL.


OBJETIVO: Describir las tendencias de la mortalidad y los años potenciales de vida perdidos (APVP) debido a las causas principales de muerte en 21 países caribeños durante 1985, 1990, 1995 y 2000. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de la mortalidad de los años 1985, 1990, 1995 y 2000, a fin de identificar tendencias de mortalidad regionales, usando tasas crudas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad y específicas por edad, así como años potenciales de vida perdidos. Las variables usadas fueron la edad, el género y la causa subyacente de muerte. RESULTADOS: Durante 1985-2000, hubo una disminución general de un 5% en las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad y la mortalidad masculina excedió la mortalidad femenina. Las enfermedades cardíacas fueron la causa principal de muerte, hallándose junto a distintas formas de cáncer, las enfermedades cerebrovasculares, la diabetes mellitus, y la hipertensión, entre las cinco causas principales de muerte en la mayor parte de los años. El cáncer de próstata y el cáncer de útero y mamas, se encontraban entre las principales causas de muerte. El VIH (SIDA) se sumaba a la lista de las diez causas principales de muerte, por primera vez, en 1990, y fue la 5ta causa principal en el año 2000. CONLCUSIÓN: En el 2000, el SIDA, las enfermedades cardíacas y los asaltos (homicidios) fueron los principales contribuyentes de APVP.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Mortality/trends , Age Distribution , Cause of Death , Sex Distribution , West Indies/epidemiology
3.
West Indian med. j ; 50(1): 22-26, Mar. 2001.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-333419

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of coronary stenting, we reviewed the first 32 consecutive patients (34 vessels) who underwent elective coronary stenting during the period August 1999 to August 2000 inclusive at the Digital Lab installed at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Trinidad and Tobago. Aspirin, heparin and ticlopidine were used routinely. Abciximab was used in selected cases (38). The mean age of patients was 55 +/- 10 years. Eighty-one per cent were male, 52 were hypertensive and 21 were diabetic. Sixty-five per cent had severe angina. Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) was performed in 3 and previous Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) in 3. Multivessel disease was present in 43. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 53 +/- 12. The culprit lesion was located in either the native left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery (53), right coronary artery (RCA) (31), circumflex artery 13 and saphenous vein graft (3). The mean baseline diameter stenosis was 91 +/- 9 and this was reduced to 13 +/- 33 after stenting. Procedural success was 100 for 26 partially occluded vs 50 for 8 totally occluded vessels. For the total occlusions, procedural success was inversely related to the duration of the occlusion. There were no cases of death, acute vessel closure, Q-wave myocardial infarction, repeat PTCA or emergent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) during and following the procedure. Distal embolization occurred in one patient. The mean duration of hospital stay was one day (for 30 outpatient cases). One patient had recurrence of symptoms with a negative stress test. No patient underwent repeat angiography during the first year of follow-up. Coronary stents were successfully implanted at a tertiary care facility in the Caribbean with low in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Stents markedly reduced the diameter stenosis of the coronary lesion during PTCA. The incidence of clinical restenosis was low. Coronary revascularisation can be successfully achieved by coronary stenting in the Caribbean.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Stents , Coronary Disease , Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/methods , Recurrence , Trinidad and Tobago , Anticoagulants , Coronary Artery Bypass , Length of Stay
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